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A sodium test, also known as a sodium blood test, measures the amount of sodium in your blood. Sodium is an electrolyte and mineral that helps your body maintain fluid and acid-base balance, and helps your muscles and nerves function properly. Sodium test Purpose Detects abnormal sodium levels, monitors conditions that affect fluid and electrolyte balance, and monitors medications that affect sodium levels Normal range 135–145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) When to get a test If you've had a recent injury, surgery, or serious illness, or if you consume large or small amounts of salt or fluid What it can show Low sodium (hyponatremia) or high sodium (hypernatremia) Symptoms of low sodium Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, headache, loss of appetite, confusion, hallucinations, loss of consciousness, or coma Symptoms of high sodium Thirst, urinating very little, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, muscle twitching, or seizures The body needs about 3,400 milligrams of sodium per day, which can come from salt, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood, which can help diagnose or monitor kidney disease. Urea nitrogen is a waste product that your body produces when it breaks down protein, and healthy kidneys filter it out of your blood. A higher than normal BUN level may indicate that your kidneys aren't working well. Normal range Adults 7–20 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) The normal range can vary depending on age and other health conditions. When to get a BUN test Reason Kidney problems You have or are at risk for a kidney problem Kidney disease symptoms You have symptoms of later stage kidney disease, such as needing to urinate more often or less often than usual, or itching What to consider Details Medications Some prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, and/or dietary supplements can affect a BUN test. Preparation You may need to modify your medication schedule before the test. Other tests If BUN is being tested with other measurements, such as in a BMP or CMP, you may need to fast for eight to 12 hours before the blood draw. To reduce your BUN levels, you can limit high-protein foods such as meats and dairy products. You can also try a diet low in protein

A uric acid test measures the amount of uric acid in your blood or urine. Uric acid is a waste product created when your body breaks down purines, which come from dying cells and some foods and beverages. A uric acid test may be used for: Diagnosing gout: High levels of uric acid can cause gout. Monitoring chemotherapy patients: Cancer treatments can increase uric acid levels, so a uric acid test can help ensure levels don't get too high. Checking for kidney stones: High levels of uric acid in the urine can cause kidney stones. Monitoring people with gout: A uric acid test can help determine the best medicine to lower uric acid levels. To prepare for a uric acid test, you may need to: Avoid eating or drinking for 4 hours before the test Stop taking certain medicines that may affect the test results Avoid alcoholic drinks, vitamin C, and x-ray dye A normal uric acid level is typically between 2.5–7.0 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) in males and 1.5–6.0 mg/dL in females. However, each lab has a different normal range and your doctor will also consider your age, health, and other factors when interpreting your results.

An SGOT test, also known as an Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) test, is a blood test that measures the level of the enzyme AST in your blood to assess liver health: Purpose The SGOT test is used to diagnose liver ailments and liver damage. It can also help monitor the recovery process of known liver problems or evaluate the side effects of certain medicines. Procedure A healthcare provider draws a blood sample from a vein, usually in your arm. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis, and the results are usually available within a day or two. Results The normal range for SGOT levels can vary depending on age, gender, and ethnicity, but is usually between 8 and 40 units per liter (units/L). For cisgender males, numbers over 50 and for cisgender females, numbers over 45 indicate potential liver damage. Other considerations The exact AST level doesn't tell you how much liver damage there is. A high AST with a normal ALT may mean that the AST is coming from a different part of the body

A triglycerides test is a blood test that measures the amount of triglycerides in your blood. Triglycerides are a type of fat that your body uses for energy. A triglycerides test is often part of a lipid panel, which is a group of tests that measure cholesterol and other blood fats. Your doctor may order a triglycerides test as part of a regular check-up, or more often if you are considered high risk for heart disease. High triglyceride levels can increase your risk of heart attack or stroke. They can also cause inflammation of your pancreas, called pancreatitis. Some things you can do to lower your triglyceride levels include: Exercise: Start slowly with a quick walk three times a week and build up from there. Diet: Eat fewer calories, especially from carbohydrates and fats. Eat more fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products. Alcohol: Limit yourself to one alcoholic drink a day

Serum creatinine is a blood test that measures the amount of creatinine in your blood to evaluate how well your kidneys are working. Creatinine is a waste product that comes from your muscles and is filtered out of your blood by your kidneys. Normal range Adult men 0.74–1.35 mg/dL (65.4–119.3 micromoles/L) Adult women 0.59–1.04 mg/dL (52.2–91.9 micromoles/L) Serum creatinine levels can be affected by a number of factors, including: Gender: Women typically have lower levels than men because they generally have less muscle mass. Age: The normal range for creatinine clearance is age-dependent. Diet: A diet high in meat can increase creatinine levels. Dehydration: Dehydration can increase creatinine levels. Exercise: Intense exercise can increase creatinine levels. High serum creatinine levels can indicate kidney disease or injury, but they can also be caused by other conditions. Low levels can indicate malnutrition, muscle loss, or serious liver disease.

An SGPT test, also known as an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) test, is a blood test that measures the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the blood. ALT is an enzyme that helps the liver convert food into energy. The SGPT test is used to monitor liver health and can help detect liver damage. SGPT test What it does Measures the level of ALT in the blood Why it's done Monitors liver health, detects liver damage, and evaluates liver disease treatments How it's done A blood sample is drawn from a vein in your arm and analyzed in a lab When it's recommended If you have symptoms of liver disease or damage, or if you're at risk for liver damage Results Normal range is between 7 and 56 units per liter Side effects There are no known side effects Preparation No fasting required A doctor might recommend an SGPT test if you have symptoms like: Jaundice (yellowish skin or eyes), Dark urine, Nausea, Vomiting, and Belly pain. A high SGPT level can indicate liver damage caused by conditions like hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, or drug-induced liver injury. A lower than normal ALT level is uncommon and usually not a cause for concern, but it could indicate a vitamin B6 deficiency or chronic kidney disease.

A cholesterol test measures the amount of cholesterol and other fats in your blood. It's a simple blood draw that can help determine your risk of heart disease and other blood vessel diseases. A cholesterol test can measure: Total cholesterol: The sum of all cholesterol in your blood Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol: Also known as "bad" cholesterol, high levels of LDL can lead to plaque buildup in your arteries High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol: Also known as "good" cholesterol, HDL helps carry away LDL cholesterol Triglycerides: Another type of fat in your blood, high levels of triglycerides can be associated with being overweight, smoking, or having diabetes You can get your cholesterol tested by having a blood sample taken from your arm with a needle. You might be asked to fast for up to 12 hours before the test, but most people don't need to. You should receive your results in a few days. It's recommended to get your cholesterol checked regularly, ideally every year. If you have a family history of high blood pressure, you should get tested as early as age 45.

A urine R/M test, or urine routine and microscopy test, is a diagnostic exam that analyzes a urine sample to evaluate a person's health. It examines the urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic properties to identify abnormalities or underlying conditions. The test includes: Physical examination: The urine's color and clarity, and its pH level Chemical examination: The presence of substances like protein, glucose, and ketones Microscopic examination: The presence of red and white blood cells, bacteria, crystals, and epithelial cells A doctor may recommend a urine R/M test if a person has symptoms such as: Abdominal pain, Back pain, Painful or frequent urination, and Blood in the urine. Pregnant women should also consider getting this test frequently to help prevent infection and other diseases. To prepare for the test, you should collect a urine sample in a sterile container and bring it to the lab.

Vitamin D levels that are too high or too low can affect your health: Adequate A level of 20 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) or higher is generally considered adequate for most people. Deficient Levels below 12 ng/mL (30 nmol/L) are too low and might weaken your bones and affect your health. Too high Levels above 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L) are too high and might cause health problems. Vitamin D is important for bone health and overall health. You can check your vitamin D levels with a blood test. Vitamin D level Category Less than 30 nmol/L Deficiency 30 to below 50 nmol/L Inadequate 50 to 124 nmol/L Adequate Over 125 nmol/L Too high Some factors that can increase your risk of vitamin D deficiency include: Living in a northern climate Staying inside most of the time Wearing sunscreen whenever you go out Having dark skin Kidney or liver disease Having a condition that affects your ability to absorb vitamin D Taking certain medications

A lipid profile, also known as a lipid panel or lipoprotein panel, is a blood test that measures the levels of different types of fat in your blood. It can help determine your risk for cardiovascular disease, pancreatitis, and other diseases. What it measures Total cholesterol The total amount of cholesterol in your blood LDL cholesterol Also known as "bad" cholesterol, this is the main source of cholesterol buildup in arteries HDL cholesterol Also known as "good" cholesterol, this helps remove LDL from your blood Triglycerides Another type of fat in your blood that comes from food and extra calories Your doctor may order a lipid profile if you: Have a family history of heart disease or stroke Are at risk for heart disease Are being treated for heart disease You might need to fast for 8 to 12 hours before the test, and most people have it in the morning.

A liver function test, also known as a liver panel, is a blood test that measures the levels of various substances in your blood to determine how well your liver is functioning. Some of the substances that are measured include: Albumin A protein made in the liver. Low levels of albumin may indicate liver disease. Bilirubin A waste product created when your body breaks down old red blood cells. High levels of bilirubin may indicate a blockage in bile flow or a problem with how the liver processes bile. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) An enzyme found in the liver and bones. ALP levels can increase during pregnancy and growth spurts. Alanine transaminase (ALT) An enzyme that can be released into the bloodstream when the liver is damaged. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) An enzyme that can be released into the bloodstream when the liver is damaged. Prothrombin time (PT) A measure of how long it takes your blood to clot. Blood that takes a long time to clot may indicate liver disease. A doctor can use the results of a liver function test to determine if there is liver damage and if medications need to be adjusted. If liver damage is suspected, the doctor may order multiple tests over a period of time to monitor how levels change.